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Atomic Weight

The average mass of an atom of an element, usually expressed relative to the mass of carbon 12, which is assigned 12 atomic mass units.

 

Units: g / mol.

Density

The mass per unit volume of a substance under specified conditions of pressure and temperature.

 

Units: g / cm3

Oxidation States

Oxidation state indicates the total number of electrons which have been removed from an element (a positive oxidation state) or added to an element (a negative oxidation state).


State

The condition of a physical system with regard to phase, form, composition, or structure.Solid, Liquid, Gas are the primary states of matter.

Melting Point

The temperature at which a solid becomes a liquid at standard atmospheric pressure.

 

Units:  ( K )


Boiling Point
 

The temperature at which a liquid boils at a fixed pressure, especially under standard atmospheric conditions.

 

Units:  ( K )

Heat of Vaporization

The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a liquid at its boiling point into vapor without an increase in temperature.

 

Units: kJ / mol.

Heat of Fusion


The amount of heat required to convert a unit mass of a solid at its melting point into a liquid without an increase in temperature.

 

Units: kJ / mol.

Electron Configuration
 

An electronic configuration of an atom is a particular distribution of electrons among available subshells.


Specific Heat

The amount of heat, measured in calories, required to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance by one Celsius degree.

 

Units:  J / gK.

Group / Family

In the periodic table of elements, each of the vertical column of elements is called a group. There are 18 groups in the periodic table. Elements belonging to a particular group or Family have similar properties.

Crystal Structure

A homogenous solid formed by a repeating, three-dimensional pattern of atoms, ions, or molecules and having fixed distances between constituent parts.

Atomic Volume

The ratio of the atomic and molecular weights divided respectively by the specific gravity of the substance in question.

 

Units:  cm3 / mol.

Atomic Radius

Atomic radius is the distance from the atomic nucleus to the outmost stable electron orbital in a atom that is at equilibrium and is measured in Angstroms.
 

Atomic radii are called covalent radii when referring to non-metallic elements and metallic radii when referring to metals. Technically, the atomic radius is one half of the equilibrium inter nuclear distance between two adjacent atoms (which may either be bonded covalently or be present in a closely packed crystal lattice) of an element.

 

Units:  Angstrom (oA)

Covalent Radius

A covalent radius is one-half the distance between nuclei of two of the same atoms that are bonded to each other. Covalent radii for elements whose atoms cannot bond to each another can be estimated by combining radii of those that do with the distances between unlike atoms in various molecules. A metallic radius is one-half of the closest inter-nuclear distance in a metallic crystal.
 

Units:  Angstrom (oA)

Thermal Conductivity

The quantity of heat that passes in unit time through unit area of a plate whose thickness is unity, when its opposite faces differ in temperature by one degree.

 

Units: W / cm.K.


Electrical Conductivity

Electrical conductivity is a measure of how well a material accommodates the transport of electric charge.

 

Units:   x 106 / cm Ω


Ionization Potential

The energy needed to remove valence electrons from an atom is called the ionization energy, or ionization potential.

 

Units: eV

Electronegativity

Electronegativity is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of electrons. Fluorine (the most electronegative element) is assigned a value of 4.0.

Oxide
 

Any element (but especially a metal) that has formed a binary compound with oxygen.

 Redox Potential


The redox potential,  is the energy gained by transferring 1 mole of electrons from an oxidant to Hydrogen. It is measured in volts relative to a hydrogen electrode which is at zero.

 

Units: Volts (V)